In 1950, two divergent takes on fascism were published: Discourse on Colonialism, by Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, argued that what is called fascism in Europe is in fact colonial violence finding its way back home; and The Authoritarian Personality, coauthored by Theodor W. Adorno, diagnosed fascism as a personality trait resulting from the devolution of the liberal individual. Césaire’s essay-manifesto did not however find the same popularity as Adorno and company’s sociological study.